Fig. 9

Predicted Pareto frontiers for various parameter subsets of the NTP-TL model. The Pareto frontiers are for the exegetic efficiency η_ex against the average power output \(\dot {W}_{\mathrm {l}}\). The subplots correspond to varying the parameters K_th (top left), R_f,L_f (top right), R_f,L_f,C_p (bottom left), and R_f,L_f,C_p,C_d (bottom right), with the other parameters kept at their nominal values in Table 2. Optimized (normalized) parameter values corresponding to the labeled points on the Pareto frontiers are reported in the tables on each subplot. The reference NIFTE design is marked with a green triangle. The CSS performance at sampled design parameters using Sobol’ sequences is displayed with orange dots